Ahiṃsā
a-hiṃsā (pali identique)
Non-harm: to refrain from wounding and killing all that lives. The word joins the privative *a-* to *hiṃsā*, “the act of harming.” In the *Dhammapada*, this restraint does not stem from a received law—it arises from recognizing that every being trembles before violence and cherishes its life, as I do. An active restraint rooted in shared fear, not mere passivity.
Tout le monde tremble devant la violence, tout le monde tremble devant la mort. Qu'on fasse ce qu'on voudrait que fît autrui ; qu'on ne tue point ; qu'on ne fasse point tuer.
The word ahiṃsā is a negation, like anattā or anicca: a-hiṃsā, the absence of hiṃsā, the harm done to a living being. The root hiṃs- denotes the act of injuring, wounding, or killing; the privative prefix removes it. The term spans the entire Indian world—it is central to Jainism, appears in the Upaniṣads and the Bhagavad-Gītā among the virtues, and lies at the heart of the Dhammapada’s chapter “Violence,” which offers its clearest foundation.
This foundation is not a decree. Verse 129 does not begin with a prohibition but with an observation each person confirms within themselves: “everyone trembles before violence,” “to everyone, life is precious.” From this shared trembling—and from it alone—restraint is deduced: attānaṃ upamaṃ katvā, “having made oneself the measure.” Ahiṃsā, then, is neither fear of punishment nor a gentle disposition: it is what follows when one recognizes in the other—including the voiceless other, for the Dhammapada praises those who “do no harm to any being”—the same attachment to enduring as in oneself.
It differs from the Taoist rejection of weapons, which leads to a similar restraint by an entirely different path: in Laozi, it is not identification with the victim’s fear that stays the hand, but the place every killing holds in the order of the world—the slaughter is mourned, surrounded by funeral rites even in victory. Ahiṃsā measures itself by the other’s fear; wu-wei applied to arms measures itself by the balance of things. Recognition is not lament: the same summit—never making murder trivial—yet two distinct foundations.