Chinese · 横向智慧

Ganying 感應

感應 (gǎnyìng)

共鸣:同类事物(*lei*)之间的感应(*gan*)与回应(*ying*),无需接触或因果链条,即能相互影响。在董仲舒的汉代宇宙论中,天与人便是如此相应,因两者皆具阴阳,且同属一秩序。*感应*非机械因果层层推进,亦非偶然巧合,而是本质相通的契合,犹如两根调弦共振。

All things avoid what is different from them and follow what is similar to them. Therefore similar forces come together and matching tones respond to each other. This is clear from evidence. Suppose the seven-stringed and the twenty-five stringed lutes are tuned and played. When the note F in the one is struck, the note F on the other will respond to it… There is nothing supernatural in this. It is their natural course that they do so.
Tung Chung-shu, Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn Annals, in A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy, Ch'un-ch'iu fan-lu, ch. 57. Princeton University Press, 1963 · trans. Wing-tsit Chan

「同类之力相互感召,同声之音彼此应和…… 当一方奏响宫音,另一方的宫弦也随之共鸣。」 ——董仲舒(公元前2世纪)以此意象描绘感应:两张调好的琴并排而置,拨动一琴之弦,另一琴上同音之弦独自颤动。他特意强调,这并非神异之事——乃是其自然之理。英文译文出自陈荣捷(Wing-tsit Chan),译自《春秋繁露》之原典。

感应一词,由感(所受之激荡)与应(所回之响应)交织而成。两琴之间流转的,非逐物传递的冲击,而是一种契合:同类之物(lei)隔空相召。倾注之水避干趋湿;美者招美,丑者引丑;马嘶而群马应之。万象之下,同一法则:同气相求,阴阳为媒。

汉代宇宙论即建立于此基石之上,构筑天人合一之境。天有阴阳,人亦有阴阳;既为同类,则相互应和。天色阴沉将雨,身病先发,盖阴气应阴气而动。人非宇宙之旁观者,乃其中一弦,与万物一体共鸣同调。

感应非机械因果之推挽——弦未相触,却自振动;亦非无由之巧合——共鸣遵循同类之性,源于同气之物。它于偶然与碰撞之间,标定第三种联系——和。

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